Battle Of Redcliff
The end of the mighty Han Dynasty was marked by one of Chinese historys most significant turning points the Battle of Red Cliffs, or battle of Chibi.
Battle Of Red Cliff Pictures
Battle Of Redcliff
Battle Of Redcliff Commanders
The aftermath of the Red Cliffs battle laid the foundation of the Three Kingdoms period, known as one of the bloodiest times in Chinese History.
The Battle of Red Cliffs: The History and Legacy of the Decisive Battle Fought Near the Start of Ancient Chinas Three Kingdoms Period examines how the Han Dynasty unraveled and the fighting that ensued. Along with pictures depicting important people, places, and events, you will learn about the Battle of Red Cliffs like never before. MegaGames - founded in 1998, is a comprehensive hardcore gaming resource covering PC, Xbox One, PS4, Wii U, Mobile Games, News, Trainers, Mods, Videos, Fixes, Patches. Battle of Red Cliff. The Yangtze flows east Washing away A thousand ages of great men West of the ramparts People say Are the fabled Red Cliffs of young Chou of the Three Kingdoms Rebellious rocks pierce the sky Frightening waves rip the bank.
The Battle of Red Cliffs took place in 208 A.D. The allied forces of the southern warlords Liu Bei from the Kingdom of Shu and Sun Quan from the Kingdom of Wu successfully won against the northern warlord Cao Cao from the Kingdom of Wei. Although the sight of the battle itself is open to a debate, a possible location is the southern bank of Yangtze River.
Cao Cao was a powerful warlord, who for a short time managed to unify the entire North China Plain under his rule and secured the frontier of his land. After 208, when he gained absolute power over Northern China, Cao Caos next aim was to eliminate his rivals on the South and take control over all the Chinese lands. The mighty northern warlord gathered an army of 800,000 men (though that number is debatable) and began his campaign to the South. Other sources estimate the army couldnt have been larger than 240,000.
The Yangtze River was a strategical point of economic and political significance for the unification of the empire Cao Cao aimed at. Thus, this was his prime target, if the Northern warlord was to take over the South. The river was in the hands of the southern lords Liu Biao who died shortly before the battle Sun Quan and their ally Liu Bei.
The South did not wait helplessly for the invasion to begin. The southern generals formulated their tactics, knowing how best to take advantage of Cao Caos bloated troop numbers, and raised a force of 50-80,000 men, around half of which were trained in naval warfare.
Cao Caos men were not trained for naval battles, and they had marched to the point of exhaustion. The northern army was also badly supplied for it was an enormous force, highly undisciplined and hard to maneuver. The morale and the loyalty of the army were also questionable, as many of the men were the soldiers of other defeated lords, including those of Liu Bei who was defeated in a battle earlier. The Three Stages of Defeat Battle of Red Cliffs
Before the battle could start, Cao Caos army was already affected by sea sickness and the men started to die from the lack of fresh water and rest. The northern warlord was forced to make a camp, and the army settled on the northern bank of the river, while on the south were the defenders. Cao Cao ordered his men to chain together the ships, in order to reduce the impact of the waves and allow his men to recover a little.
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General Zhou Yu seized that opportunity and crafted a plan to damage the fleet of the invaders. He pretended he was changing sides and surrendering to Cao Cao. He filled his ships with all sorts of burning materials and when they got close enough, his men set them ablaze and secretly left the fire ships with small boats.
Zhou Yus plan worked perfectly. The burning ships clashed in the chained navy of the northerners and set it on fire, alongside with countless of Cao Caos men and their horses. Those who did not die in the flames drowned in the waters of Yangtze. Soon the fire broke out on the shore and set the camp ablaze, burning it to the ground together with almost the entirety of Cao Caos army.
The southern generals took full advantage of the chaos, leading a ferocious attack on the camp. The assault took the already disorganized army off guard and they suffered a terrible defeat. Cao Cao understood that the situation was hopeless, and ordered his remaining men to withdraw. Unwilling to let any undamaged ships fall into his enemies hands, he destroyed that last of his own vessels before he retreated.
Cao Cao fled with the remaining troops and they marched down the Huarong Road. The heavy rains from the last few days had turned the entire area into a sea of sticky mud. Chased by the southern troops, the fleeing soldiers drowned in the mud, or died of exhaustion and disease, while others were trampled to death by their own men on horseback. Before long, the great army of led by Cao Cao had been decimated.
The strategic mistakes of Cao Cao were made worse as his pride blinded him. The Warlord of Northern China thought he would win solely because his enemy lacked the numbers, yet numerical superiority proved no match for his enemies ingenuity.
Underestimating his enemy was Cao Caos first and most crucial mistake, and it ended the rule of the Han Dynasty. With the absolute defeat in the Battle of the Red Cliffs, Cao Cao laid the foundation for the bloody confrontations of The Three Kingdoms of Wei, Shu, and Wu, which continued to fight for the right to rule China.
The Chancellor of the Han Dynasty Cao Cao died at the age of 65 after he had failed to unite China. His son proclaimed himself the Emperor of the state of Cao Wei and continued to fight against Shu and Wu, but without much success. Battle of Red Cliffs Part of the wars at the end of the Han dynasty
Engravings on a cliff-side mark one widely accepted site of Chibi, near modern Chibi City, Hubei. The engravings are at least a thousand years old. Date Winter of AD 208 (Northern Hemisphere) Location Close to the Yangtze River, China.
Precise location is debated. Referred to as Chibi (Red Cliffs), on the southern bank of the Yangtze. Result Decisive Sun Quan and Liu Bei victory Territorial
changes Cao Cao fails to conquer lands south of the Yangtze River Belligerents Sun Quan
Liu Bei Cao Cao Commanders and leaders Zhou Yu
Cheng Pu
Liu Qi Cao Cao Strength 50,000 [a] 800,000
(Cao Cao's claim) [a]
220,000240,000
(Zhou Yu's estimate) [a] Casualties and losses Unknown Heavy Battle of Red Cliffs Traditional Chinese Simplified Chinese Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Chb zh zhn IPA [.pi an] Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Jek-bk j jin Jyutping Cek3-bik1 zi1 zin3 IPA [tsk.pek tsi tsin] Southern Min Chhek-pek chi chin
The Battle of Red Cliffs , otherwise known as the Battle of Chibi , was a decisive naval battle in the winter of AD 2089 at the end of the Han dynasty, about twelve years prior to the beginning of the Three Kingdoms period in Chinese history. [b] The battle was fought between the allied forces of the southern warlords Sun Quan, Liu Bei and Liu Qi against the numerically superior forces of the northern warlord Cao Cao. Liu Bei and Sun Quan frustrated Cao Cao's effort to conquer the land south of the Yangtze River and reunite the territory of the Eastern Han dynasty.
The allied victory at Red Cliffs ensured the survival of Liu Bei and Sun Quan, gave them control of the Yangtze and provided a line of defence that was the basis for the later creation of the two southern states of Shu Han and Eastern Wu. [2] The battle has been called the largest naval battle in history in terms of numbers involved. [c] Descriptions of the battle differ widely and the site of the battle is fiercely debated. [3] Although its location remains uncertain, the majority of academic conjectures place it on the south bank of the Yangtze River, southwest of present-day Wuhan and northeast of Baqiu (present-day Yueyang, Hunan). Background
By the early third century, the Han dynasty, which had ruled China for almost four centuries (albeit with a 16-year interruption, dividing the dynasty into its Western and Eastern periods), was crumbling. Emperor Xian had been a political figurehead since 189, with no control over the actions of the various warlords controlling their respective territories. One of the most powerful warlords in China was Cao Cao, who, by 207, had unified northern China and retained total control of the North China Plain. He then completed a successful campaign against the Wuhuan in the winter of the same year, thus securing his northern frontier. Upon his return in 208, he was appointed Chancellor, a position that granted him absolute authority over the entire imperial government. [4] Shortly afterwards, in the autumn of 208, his army began a southern campaign. [5] [6]
The Yangtze River in the area of Jing Province was key to the success of this strategy. If Cao Cao was to have any hope of reuniting the sundered Han empire, he had to achieve naval control of the middle Yangtze and command the strategic naval base at Jiangling as a means of access to the southern region. [6] Two warlords controlled the regions of the Yangtze that were key to Cao Cao's success: Liu Biao, the Governor of Jing Province, controlled the area west of the mouth of the Han River (roughly encompassing the area around the city of Xiakou and all territory south of that region), and Sun Quan, who controlled the river east of the Han and the southeastern territories abutting it. [7] A third ally, Liu Bei, was living in refuge with Liu Biao at the garrison in Fancheng, having fled from the northeast to Jing Province following a failed plot to assassinate Cao Cao and restore power to the imperial dynasty. [8] [9]
The initial stages of the campaign were an unqualified success for Cao Cao, as the command of Jing Province had been substantially weakened and the Jing armies exhausted by conflict with Sun Quan to the south. [10] Factions had arisen supporting either of Liu Biao's two sons in a struggle for succession. The younger son prevailed, and Liu Biao's dispossessed eldest son, Liu Qi, departed to assume a commandery, Jiangxia. [11] Liu Biao died of illness only a few weeks later, while Cao Cao was advancing from the north and, under these circumstances, Liu Biao's younger son and successor, Liu Cong, quickly surrendered. Cao Cao thus captured a sizeable fleet and secured the naval base at Jiangling. This provided him with a key strategic military depot and forward base to harbour his ships. [12]
When Jing Province fell, Liu Bei quickly fled south, accompanied by a refugee population of civilians and soldiers. This disorganised exodus was pursued by Cao Cao's elite cavalry, and was surrounded and decisively beaten at the Battle of Changban. Liu Bei escaped, however, and fled further east to Xiakou, where he liaised with Sun Quan's emissary Lu Su. At this point historical accounts are inconsistent; Lu Su may have successfully encouraged Liu Bei to move even further east, to Fankou (; around present-day Ezhou, Hubei). [d] In either case, Liu Bei was later joined by Liu Qi and levies from Jiangxia. [14] Liu Bei's main advisor, Zhuge Liang, was sent to Chaisang (; in present-day Jiujiang, Jiangxi) to negotiate forming a mutual front against Cao Cao with Sun Quan. [15]
By the time Zhuge Liang arrived, Cao Cao had already sent Sun Quan a letter boasting of commanding 800,000 men and hinting that he wanted Sun to surrender. [e] The faction led by Sun Quan's Chief Clerk, Zhang Zhao, advocated surrender, citing Cao Cao's overwhelming numerical advantage. However, on separate occasions, Lu Su, Zhuge Liang, and Sun Quan's chief commander, Zhou Yu, all presented arguments to persuade Sun Quan to agree to the alliance against the northerners. Sun Quan finally decided upon war, chopping off a corner of his desk during an assembly and stating: 'Anyone who still dares argue for surrender will be [treated] the same as this desk.' [f] He then assigned Zhou Yu, Cheng Pu, and Lu Su with 30,000 men to aid Liu Bei against Cao Cao. [16]
Although Cao Cao had boasted command of 800,000 men, Zhou Yu estimated Cao Cao's actual troop strength to be closer to 230,000. Furthermore, this total included 80,000 impressed troops from the armies of the recently deceased Liu Biao, so the loyalty and morale of a large number of Cao Cao's force was uncertain. [17] With the 20,000 soldiers that Liu Bei had gathered, the alliance consisted of approximately 50,000 marines who were trained and prepared for battle. [18] Battle Battle of Red Cliffs, and Cao Cao's retreat (also shown: Battle of Changban). Note that the battlefield location is marked at the site near Chibi City; see Location of Red Cliffs. Battle Of Red Cliff Pictures A crossbow with inscriptions unearthed at Chibi Town A mural showing chariots and cavalry, from Dahuting Tomb (Chinese: , Pinyin: Dahuting Han mu ) of the late Eastern Han Dynasty (25220 AD), located in Zhengzhou, Henan province, China
The Battle of Red Cliffs unfolded in three stages: an initial skirmish at Red Cliffs followed by a retreat to the Wulin () battlefields on the northwestern bank of the Yangtze, a decisive naval engagement, and Cao Cao's disastrous retreat along Huarong Road.
The combined Sun-Liu force sailed upstream from either Xiakou or Fankou to Red Cliffs, where they encountered Cao Cao's vanguard force. Plagued by disease and low morale due to the series of forced marches they had undertaken on the prolonged southern campaign, [6] Cao Cao's men could not gain an advantage in the small skirmish which ensued, so Cao Cao retreated to Wulin (north of the Yangtze River) and the allies pulled back to the south. [19]
Cao Cao had chained his ships from stem to stern, possibly aiming to reduce seasickness in his navy, which was composed mostly of northerners who were not used to living on ships. Observing this, divisional commander Huang Gai sent Cao Cao a letter feigning surrender and prepared a squadron [g] of capital ships described as mengchong doujian (). [h] The ships had been converted into fire ships by filling them with bundles of kindling, dry reeds, and fatty oil. As Huang Gai's 'defecting' squadron approached the midpoint of the river, the sailors applied fire to the ships before taking to small boats. The unmanned fire ships, carried by the southeastern wind, sped towards Cao Cao's fleet and set it ablaze. A large number of men and horses either burned to death or drowned. [24]
Following the initial shock, Zhou Yu and the allies led a lightly armed force to capitalise on the assault. The northern army was thrown into confusion and was utterly defeated. Seeing the situation was hopeless, Cao Cao then issued a general order of retreat and destroyed a number of his remaining ships before withdrawing. [25]
Cao Cao's army attempted a retreat along Huarong Road, including a long stretch passing through marshlands north of Dongting Lake. Heavy rains had made the road so treacherous that many of the sick soldiers had to carry bundles of grass on their backs and use them to fill the road to allow the horsemen to cross. Many of these soldiers drowned in the mud or were trampled to death in the effort. The allies, led by Zhou Yu and Liu Bei, gave chase over land and water until they reached Nan Commandery; combined with famine and disease, this decimated Cao Cao's remaining forces. Cao Cao then retreated north to his home base of Ye, leaving Cao Ren and Xu Huang to guard Jiangling, Yue Jin stationed in Xiangyang, and Man Chong in Dangyang. [25]
The allied counterattack might have vanquished Cao Cao and his forces entirely. However, the crossing of the Yangtze River dissolved into chaos as the allied armies converged on the riverbank and fought over the limited number of ferries. To restore order, a detachment led by Sun Quan's general Gan Ning established a bridgehead in Yiling to the north, and only a staunch rearguard action by Cao Ren prevented further catastrophe. [17] [26] Analysis One type of ship used in the battle the mengchong (): leather-covered assault warship designed to break enemy lines.
A combination of Cao Cao's strategic errors and the effectiveness of Huang Gai's ruse had resulted in the allied victory at the Battle of Red Cliffs. Zhou Yu had previously observed that Cao Cao's generals and soldiers were mostly cavalry and infantry, and few had any experience in naval warfare. Cao Cao also had little support among the people of Jing Province, and thus lacked a secure forward base of operations. [17] Despite the strategic acumen Cao Cao had displayed in earlier campaigns and battles, in this case he had simply assumed that numerical superiority would eventually defeat the Sun and Liu navy. Cao's first tactical mistake was converting his massive army of infantry and cavalry into a marine corps and navy: with only a few days of drills before the battle, Cao Cao's troops were ravaged by sea-sickness and lack of experience on water. Tropical diseases, to which the southerners were largely immune, were also rampant in Cao Cao's camps. Although numerous, Cao Cao's men were already exhausted by the unfamiliar environment and the extended southern campaign, as Zhuge Liang observed: 'Even a powerful arrow at the end of its flight cannot penetrate a silk cloth'. [27]
A key advisor, Jia Xu, had recommended after the surrender of Liu Cong that the overtaxed armies be given time to rest and replenish before engaging the armies of Sun Quan and Liu Bei, but Cao Cao disregarded the advice. [17] Cao Cao's own thoughts regarding his failure at Red Cliffs suggest that he held his own actions and misfortunes responsible for the defeat, rather than the strategies utilised by his enemy during the battle: '... it was only because of the sickness that I burnt my ships and retreated. It is out of all reason for Zhou Yu to take the credit for himself.' [28] Aftermath Han-era painted ceramic statues of a Chinese cavalryman and ten infantrymen with armor, shields, and missing weapons
By the end of 209, the post Cao Cao had established at Jiangling fell to Zhou Yu. The borders of the land under Cao Cao's control contracted about 160 kilometres (99 mi), to the area around Xiangyang. [29] Liu Bei gained territory by taking over the four commanderies (Wuling, Changsha, Lingling and Guiyang) south of the Yangtze River. Sun Quan's troops had suffered far greater casualties than Liu Bei's in the extended conflict against Cao Ren following the Battle of Red Cliffs and the death of Zhou Yu in 210 resulted in a drastic weakening of Sun Quan's strength in Jing Province. [30] Liu Bei also occupied Jing Province that Cao Cao had recently losta strategic and naturally fortified area on the Yangtze River that Sun Quan claimed for himself. The control of Jing Province provided Liu Bei with virtually unlimited access to the passage into Yi Province and important waterways into Wu (southeastern China) and dominion of the southern Yangtze River. Never again would Cao Cao command so large a fleet as he had at Jiangling, nor would a similar opportunity to destroy his southern rivals present itself again. [31] The Battle of Red Cliffs and the capture of Jing Province by Liu Bei confirmed the separation of southern China from the northern heartland of the Yellow River valley and foreshadowed a north-south axis of hostility that would continue for centuries. [32] Location Three possible locations of the Battle of Red Cliffs. A fourth possibility is an undefined locale in Jiayu County, downriver (northeast) of the Chibi City location.
The precise location of the Red Cliffs battlefield has long been the subject of both popular and academic debates, but has never been conclusively established. [i] Scholarly debates have continued for at least 1,350 years, [33] and a number of arguments in favour of alternative sites have been put forward. There are clear grounds for rejecting at least some of these proposals, but four alternative locations are still advocated. According to Zhang, many of the current debates stem from the fact that the course and length of the Yangtze River between Wuli and Wuhan has changed since the Sui and Tang dynasties. [34] The modern-day debate is also complicated by the fact that the names of some of the key locations have changed over the following centuries. For example, although modern Huarong city is located in Hunan, south of the Yangtze, in the 3rd century the city of that name was due east of Jiangling, considerably north of the Yangtze. [35] [3] Moreover, one candidate site, Puqi (), was renamed 'Chibi City' () in 1998 in a direct attempt to tie this location to the historical battlefield. [j]
Historical records state that Cao Cao's forces retreated north across the Yangtze after the initial engagement at Red Cliffs, unequivocally placing the battle site on the south bank of the Yangtze. For this reason, a number of sites on the north bank have been discounted by historians and geographers. Historical accounts also establish east and west boundaries for a stretch of the Yangtze which encompasses all possible sites for the battlefield. The allied forces travelled upstream from either Fankou or Xiakou. Since the Yangtze flows roughly eastward towards the ocean (with northeast and southeast meanders), Red Cliffs must at least be west of Fankou, which is farther downstream. The westernmost boundary is also clear, since Cao Cao's eastern advance from Jiangling included passing Baqiu (present-day Yueyang, Hunan) on the shore of Dongting Lake. The battle must also have been downstream (northeast) of that location. [36] [37] Su Dongpo's Red Cliffs
One popular candidate for the battle site is Chibi Hill in Huangzhou, sometimes referred to as 'Su Dongpo's Red Cliffs' or the 'Literary Red Cliffs' (). Support for this conjecture arises largely due to the famous 11th-century poem 'First Rhapsody on the Red Cliffs', which equates the Huangzhou Hill with the battlefield location. Excluding tone marks, the pinyin romanization of this cliff's name is 'Chibi', the same as the pinyin for Red Cliffs. However, the Chinese characters are completely different () as is their meaning ('Red Nose Hill'). This site is also on the north bank of the Yangtze, and is directly across from Fankou rather than upstream from it. [33] Moreover, if the allied Sun-Liu forces left from Xiakou rather than Fankou, as the oldest historical sources suggest, [d] then the hill in Huangzhou would have been downstream from the point of departure, a possibility which cannot be reconciled with historical sources.
Puqi, now named Chibi City, is perhaps the most widely accepted candidate. To differentiate from Su Dongpo's Red Cliffs, the site is also referred to as the 'Military Red Cliffs' (). It is directly across the Yangtze from Wulin. This argument was first proposed in the early Tang dynasty. [37] There are also characters engraved in the cliffs (see image at the top of this page) suggesting that this is the site of the battle. The origin of the engraving can be dated to between the Tang and Song dynasties, making it at least 1,000 years old. [38]
Some sources mention the south banks of the Yangtze in Jiayu County () in the prefecture-level city of Xianning in Hubei province as a possible location. This would place the battlefield downstream from Puqi (Chibi City), a view that is supported by scholars of Chinese history such as de Crespigny, Wang Li and Zhu Dongrun , following the Qing dynasty historical document Shui Jing Zhu . [39]
Another candidate is Wuhan, which straddles the Yangtze at the confluence of the Yangtze and Han rivers. It is east of both Wulin (and Chibi City across the river) and Jiayu. This metropolis was incorporated by joining three cities. There is a local belief in Wuhan that the battle was fought at the junction of the rivers, southwest of the former Wuchang city, which is now part of Wuhan. [40] Zhang asserts that the Chibi battlefield was one of a set of hills in Wuchang that were levelled in the 1930s so that their stone could be used as raw material. [41] [k] Citing several historical-geographical studies, Zhang shows that earlier accounts place the battlefield in Wuchang. [43] Sheng Hongzhi's 5th-century Jingzhou ji in particular places the Chibi battlefield a distance of 160 li (approximately 80 kilometres (50 mi)) downstream from Wulin, but since the Paizhou and Luxikou meanders increased the length of the Yangtze River between Wuli and Wuchang by 100 li (approximately 50 kilometres (31 mi); see map ) some time in the Sui and Tang dynasties, [34] later works do not regard Wuchang as a possible site. Fictionalised account Cao Cao surrounded by his generals. From a Peking opera performance by Shanghai Jingju Theatre Company on January 17, 2015, in Tianchan Theatre, Shanghai, China. Battle Of Redcliff
The romantic tradition that originated with the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms differs from historical accounts in many details. For example, Cao Cao's army strength was exaggerated to over 830,000 men. This may be attributed to the ethos of later times, particularly of the Southern Song dynasty. [44] The state of Shu Han, in particular, was viewed by later literati as the 'legitimate' successor to the Han dynasty, so fictionalised accounts assign greater prominence than the historical records warrant to the roles of Liu Bei, Zhuge Liang and other heroes from Shu. This is generally accomplished by minimising the importance of Eastern Wu commanders and advisors such as Zhou Yu and Lu Su. [45] While historical accounts describe Lu Su as a sensible advisor and Zhou Yu as an eminent military leader and 'generous, sensible and courageous' man, Romance of the Three Kingdoms depicts Lu Su as unremarkable and Zhou Yu as cruel and cynical. [46] Both are depicted as being inferior to Zhuge Liang in every respect. [1] Battle Of Redcliff Commanders
The romances added wholly fictional and fantastical elements to the historical accounts and these were repeated in popular plays and operas. Examples from the Romance of the Three Kingdoms include Zhuge Liang pretending to use magic to call forth favourable winds for the fire ship attack, his strategy of 'using straw boats to borrow arrows', and Guan Yu capturing and releasing Cao Cao at Huarong Trail. The fictionalised accounts also name Zhuge Liang as a military commander in the combined forces, which is historically inaccurate. [47] Cultural impact
The modern Chibi City in Hubei province was formerly named Puqi. In 1998, the Chinese State Council approved the renaming of the city in celebration of the battle at Red Cliffs. Cultural festivals held by the city have dramatically increased tourism. [48] In 1983, a statue of prominent Song dynasty poet, Su Shi, was erected at the Huangzhou site of 'Su Dongpo's Red Cliffs' in tribute to his writings regarding Red Cliff. [49]
Video games based on the Three Kingdoms era (such as Koei's Dynasty Warriors series, Sangokushi Koumeiden , Warriors Orochi series, Destiny of an Emperor , Kessen II and Total War: Three Kingdoms ) have scenarios that include the battle. Other games utilise the Battle of Red Cliffs as their central focus. These include titles popular in Asia, such as the original Japanese version of Warriors of Fate and Dragon Throne: Battle of Red Cliffs .
A 2008 film titled Red Cliff , [l] directed by John Woo, showcased the Red Cliff legacy and was a massive box-office success in China.
Battle Of Red Cliff Pictures
Battle Of Redcliff
Battle Of Redcliff Commanders
The aftermath of the Red Cliffs battle laid the foundation of the Three Kingdoms period, known as one of the bloodiest times in Chinese History.
The Battle of Red Cliffs: The History and Legacy of the Decisive Battle Fought Near the Start of Ancient Chinas Three Kingdoms Period examines how the Han Dynasty unraveled and the fighting that ensued. Along with pictures depicting important people, places, and events, you will learn about the Battle of Red Cliffs like never before. MegaGames - founded in 1998, is a comprehensive hardcore gaming resource covering PC, Xbox One, PS4, Wii U, Mobile Games, News, Trainers, Mods, Videos, Fixes, Patches. Battle of Red Cliff. The Yangtze flows east Washing away A thousand ages of great men West of the ramparts People say Are the fabled Red Cliffs of young Chou of the Three Kingdoms Rebellious rocks pierce the sky Frightening waves rip the bank.
The Battle of Red Cliffs took place in 208 A.D. The allied forces of the southern warlords Liu Bei from the Kingdom of Shu and Sun Quan from the Kingdom of Wu successfully won against the northern warlord Cao Cao from the Kingdom of Wei. Although the sight of the battle itself is open to a debate, a possible location is the southern bank of Yangtze River.
Cao Cao was a powerful warlord, who for a short time managed to unify the entire North China Plain under his rule and secured the frontier of his land. After 208, when he gained absolute power over Northern China, Cao Caos next aim was to eliminate his rivals on the South and take control over all the Chinese lands. The mighty northern warlord gathered an army of 800,000 men (though that number is debatable) and began his campaign to the South. Other sources estimate the army couldnt have been larger than 240,000.
The Yangtze River was a strategical point of economic and political significance for the unification of the empire Cao Cao aimed at. Thus, this was his prime target, if the Northern warlord was to take over the South. The river was in the hands of the southern lords Liu Biao who died shortly before the battle Sun Quan and their ally Liu Bei.
The South did not wait helplessly for the invasion to begin. The southern generals formulated their tactics, knowing how best to take advantage of Cao Caos bloated troop numbers, and raised a force of 50-80,000 men, around half of which were trained in naval warfare.
Cao Caos men were not trained for naval battles, and they had marched to the point of exhaustion. The northern army was also badly supplied for it was an enormous force, highly undisciplined and hard to maneuver. The morale and the loyalty of the army were also questionable, as many of the men were the soldiers of other defeated lords, including those of Liu Bei who was defeated in a battle earlier. The Three Stages of Defeat Battle of Red Cliffs
Before the battle could start, Cao Caos army was already affected by sea sickness and the men started to die from the lack of fresh water and rest. The northern warlord was forced to make a camp, and the army settled on the northern bank of the river, while on the south were the defenders. Cao Cao ordered his men to chain together the ships, in order to reduce the impact of the waves and allow his men to recover a little.
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General Zhou Yu seized that opportunity and crafted a plan to damage the fleet of the invaders. He pretended he was changing sides and surrendering to Cao Cao. He filled his ships with all sorts of burning materials and when they got close enough, his men set them ablaze and secretly left the fire ships with small boats.
Zhou Yus plan worked perfectly. The burning ships clashed in the chained navy of the northerners and set it on fire, alongside with countless of Cao Caos men and their horses. Those who did not die in the flames drowned in the waters of Yangtze. Soon the fire broke out on the shore and set the camp ablaze, burning it to the ground together with almost the entirety of Cao Caos army.
The southern generals took full advantage of the chaos, leading a ferocious attack on the camp. The assault took the already disorganized army off guard and they suffered a terrible defeat. Cao Cao understood that the situation was hopeless, and ordered his remaining men to withdraw. Unwilling to let any undamaged ships fall into his enemies hands, he destroyed that last of his own vessels before he retreated.
Cao Cao fled with the remaining troops and they marched down the Huarong Road. The heavy rains from the last few days had turned the entire area into a sea of sticky mud. Chased by the southern troops, the fleeing soldiers drowned in the mud, or died of exhaustion and disease, while others were trampled to death by their own men on horseback. Before long, the great army of led by Cao Cao had been decimated.
The strategic mistakes of Cao Cao were made worse as his pride blinded him. The Warlord of Northern China thought he would win solely because his enemy lacked the numbers, yet numerical superiority proved no match for his enemies ingenuity.
Underestimating his enemy was Cao Caos first and most crucial mistake, and it ended the rule of the Han Dynasty. With the absolute defeat in the Battle of the Red Cliffs, Cao Cao laid the foundation for the bloody confrontations of The Three Kingdoms of Wei, Shu, and Wu, which continued to fight for the right to rule China.
The Chancellor of the Han Dynasty Cao Cao died at the age of 65 after he had failed to unite China. His son proclaimed himself the Emperor of the state of Cao Wei and continued to fight against Shu and Wu, but without much success. Battle of Red Cliffs Part of the wars at the end of the Han dynasty
Engravings on a cliff-side mark one widely accepted site of Chibi, near modern Chibi City, Hubei. The engravings are at least a thousand years old. Date Winter of AD 208 (Northern Hemisphere) Location Close to the Yangtze River, China.
Precise location is debated. Referred to as Chibi (Red Cliffs), on the southern bank of the Yangtze. Result Decisive Sun Quan and Liu Bei victory Territorial
changes Cao Cao fails to conquer lands south of the Yangtze River Belligerents Sun Quan
Liu Bei Cao Cao Commanders and leaders Zhou Yu
Cheng Pu
Liu Qi Cao Cao Strength 50,000 [a] 800,000
(Cao Cao's claim) [a]
220,000240,000
(Zhou Yu's estimate) [a] Casualties and losses Unknown Heavy Battle of Red Cliffs Traditional Chinese Simplified Chinese Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Chb zh zhn IPA [.pi an] Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Jek-bk j jin Jyutping Cek3-bik1 zi1 zin3 IPA [tsk.pek tsi tsin] Southern Min Chhek-pek chi chin
The Battle of Red Cliffs , otherwise known as the Battle of Chibi , was a decisive naval battle in the winter of AD 2089 at the end of the Han dynasty, about twelve years prior to the beginning of the Three Kingdoms period in Chinese history. [b] The battle was fought between the allied forces of the southern warlords Sun Quan, Liu Bei and Liu Qi against the numerically superior forces of the northern warlord Cao Cao. Liu Bei and Sun Quan frustrated Cao Cao's effort to conquer the land south of the Yangtze River and reunite the territory of the Eastern Han dynasty.
The allied victory at Red Cliffs ensured the survival of Liu Bei and Sun Quan, gave them control of the Yangtze and provided a line of defence that was the basis for the later creation of the two southern states of Shu Han and Eastern Wu. [2] The battle has been called the largest naval battle in history in terms of numbers involved. [c] Descriptions of the battle differ widely and the site of the battle is fiercely debated. [3] Although its location remains uncertain, the majority of academic conjectures place it on the south bank of the Yangtze River, southwest of present-day Wuhan and northeast of Baqiu (present-day Yueyang, Hunan). Background
By the early third century, the Han dynasty, which had ruled China for almost four centuries (albeit with a 16-year interruption, dividing the dynasty into its Western and Eastern periods), was crumbling. Emperor Xian had been a political figurehead since 189, with no control over the actions of the various warlords controlling their respective territories. One of the most powerful warlords in China was Cao Cao, who, by 207, had unified northern China and retained total control of the North China Plain. He then completed a successful campaign against the Wuhuan in the winter of the same year, thus securing his northern frontier. Upon his return in 208, he was appointed Chancellor, a position that granted him absolute authority over the entire imperial government. [4] Shortly afterwards, in the autumn of 208, his army began a southern campaign. [5] [6]
The Yangtze River in the area of Jing Province was key to the success of this strategy. If Cao Cao was to have any hope of reuniting the sundered Han empire, he had to achieve naval control of the middle Yangtze and command the strategic naval base at Jiangling as a means of access to the southern region. [6] Two warlords controlled the regions of the Yangtze that were key to Cao Cao's success: Liu Biao, the Governor of Jing Province, controlled the area west of the mouth of the Han River (roughly encompassing the area around the city of Xiakou and all territory south of that region), and Sun Quan, who controlled the river east of the Han and the southeastern territories abutting it. [7] A third ally, Liu Bei, was living in refuge with Liu Biao at the garrison in Fancheng, having fled from the northeast to Jing Province following a failed plot to assassinate Cao Cao and restore power to the imperial dynasty. [8] [9]
The initial stages of the campaign were an unqualified success for Cao Cao, as the command of Jing Province had been substantially weakened and the Jing armies exhausted by conflict with Sun Quan to the south. [10] Factions had arisen supporting either of Liu Biao's two sons in a struggle for succession. The younger son prevailed, and Liu Biao's dispossessed eldest son, Liu Qi, departed to assume a commandery, Jiangxia. [11] Liu Biao died of illness only a few weeks later, while Cao Cao was advancing from the north and, under these circumstances, Liu Biao's younger son and successor, Liu Cong, quickly surrendered. Cao Cao thus captured a sizeable fleet and secured the naval base at Jiangling. This provided him with a key strategic military depot and forward base to harbour his ships. [12]
When Jing Province fell, Liu Bei quickly fled south, accompanied by a refugee population of civilians and soldiers. This disorganised exodus was pursued by Cao Cao's elite cavalry, and was surrounded and decisively beaten at the Battle of Changban. Liu Bei escaped, however, and fled further east to Xiakou, where he liaised with Sun Quan's emissary Lu Su. At this point historical accounts are inconsistent; Lu Su may have successfully encouraged Liu Bei to move even further east, to Fankou (; around present-day Ezhou, Hubei). [d] In either case, Liu Bei was later joined by Liu Qi and levies from Jiangxia. [14] Liu Bei's main advisor, Zhuge Liang, was sent to Chaisang (; in present-day Jiujiang, Jiangxi) to negotiate forming a mutual front against Cao Cao with Sun Quan. [15]
By the time Zhuge Liang arrived, Cao Cao had already sent Sun Quan a letter boasting of commanding 800,000 men and hinting that he wanted Sun to surrender. [e] The faction led by Sun Quan's Chief Clerk, Zhang Zhao, advocated surrender, citing Cao Cao's overwhelming numerical advantage. However, on separate occasions, Lu Su, Zhuge Liang, and Sun Quan's chief commander, Zhou Yu, all presented arguments to persuade Sun Quan to agree to the alliance against the northerners. Sun Quan finally decided upon war, chopping off a corner of his desk during an assembly and stating: 'Anyone who still dares argue for surrender will be [treated] the same as this desk.' [f] He then assigned Zhou Yu, Cheng Pu, and Lu Su with 30,000 men to aid Liu Bei against Cao Cao. [16]
Although Cao Cao had boasted command of 800,000 men, Zhou Yu estimated Cao Cao's actual troop strength to be closer to 230,000. Furthermore, this total included 80,000 impressed troops from the armies of the recently deceased Liu Biao, so the loyalty and morale of a large number of Cao Cao's force was uncertain. [17] With the 20,000 soldiers that Liu Bei had gathered, the alliance consisted of approximately 50,000 marines who were trained and prepared for battle. [18] Battle Battle of Red Cliffs, and Cao Cao's retreat (also shown: Battle of Changban). Note that the battlefield location is marked at the site near Chibi City; see Location of Red Cliffs. Battle Of Red Cliff Pictures A crossbow with inscriptions unearthed at Chibi Town A mural showing chariots and cavalry, from Dahuting Tomb (Chinese: , Pinyin: Dahuting Han mu ) of the late Eastern Han Dynasty (25220 AD), located in Zhengzhou, Henan province, China
The Battle of Red Cliffs unfolded in three stages: an initial skirmish at Red Cliffs followed by a retreat to the Wulin () battlefields on the northwestern bank of the Yangtze, a decisive naval engagement, and Cao Cao's disastrous retreat along Huarong Road.
The combined Sun-Liu force sailed upstream from either Xiakou or Fankou to Red Cliffs, where they encountered Cao Cao's vanguard force. Plagued by disease and low morale due to the series of forced marches they had undertaken on the prolonged southern campaign, [6] Cao Cao's men could not gain an advantage in the small skirmish which ensued, so Cao Cao retreated to Wulin (north of the Yangtze River) and the allies pulled back to the south. [19]
Cao Cao had chained his ships from stem to stern, possibly aiming to reduce seasickness in his navy, which was composed mostly of northerners who were not used to living on ships. Observing this, divisional commander Huang Gai sent Cao Cao a letter feigning surrender and prepared a squadron [g] of capital ships described as mengchong doujian (). [h] The ships had been converted into fire ships by filling them with bundles of kindling, dry reeds, and fatty oil. As Huang Gai's 'defecting' squadron approached the midpoint of the river, the sailors applied fire to the ships before taking to small boats. The unmanned fire ships, carried by the southeastern wind, sped towards Cao Cao's fleet and set it ablaze. A large number of men and horses either burned to death or drowned. [24]
Following the initial shock, Zhou Yu and the allies led a lightly armed force to capitalise on the assault. The northern army was thrown into confusion and was utterly defeated. Seeing the situation was hopeless, Cao Cao then issued a general order of retreat and destroyed a number of his remaining ships before withdrawing. [25]
Cao Cao's army attempted a retreat along Huarong Road, including a long stretch passing through marshlands north of Dongting Lake. Heavy rains had made the road so treacherous that many of the sick soldiers had to carry bundles of grass on their backs and use them to fill the road to allow the horsemen to cross. Many of these soldiers drowned in the mud or were trampled to death in the effort. The allies, led by Zhou Yu and Liu Bei, gave chase over land and water until they reached Nan Commandery; combined with famine and disease, this decimated Cao Cao's remaining forces. Cao Cao then retreated north to his home base of Ye, leaving Cao Ren and Xu Huang to guard Jiangling, Yue Jin stationed in Xiangyang, and Man Chong in Dangyang. [25]
The allied counterattack might have vanquished Cao Cao and his forces entirely. However, the crossing of the Yangtze River dissolved into chaos as the allied armies converged on the riverbank and fought over the limited number of ferries. To restore order, a detachment led by Sun Quan's general Gan Ning established a bridgehead in Yiling to the north, and only a staunch rearguard action by Cao Ren prevented further catastrophe. [17] [26] Analysis One type of ship used in the battle the mengchong (): leather-covered assault warship designed to break enemy lines.
A combination of Cao Cao's strategic errors and the effectiveness of Huang Gai's ruse had resulted in the allied victory at the Battle of Red Cliffs. Zhou Yu had previously observed that Cao Cao's generals and soldiers were mostly cavalry and infantry, and few had any experience in naval warfare. Cao Cao also had little support among the people of Jing Province, and thus lacked a secure forward base of operations. [17] Despite the strategic acumen Cao Cao had displayed in earlier campaigns and battles, in this case he had simply assumed that numerical superiority would eventually defeat the Sun and Liu navy. Cao's first tactical mistake was converting his massive army of infantry and cavalry into a marine corps and navy: with only a few days of drills before the battle, Cao Cao's troops were ravaged by sea-sickness and lack of experience on water. Tropical diseases, to which the southerners were largely immune, were also rampant in Cao Cao's camps. Although numerous, Cao Cao's men were already exhausted by the unfamiliar environment and the extended southern campaign, as Zhuge Liang observed: 'Even a powerful arrow at the end of its flight cannot penetrate a silk cloth'. [27]
A key advisor, Jia Xu, had recommended after the surrender of Liu Cong that the overtaxed armies be given time to rest and replenish before engaging the armies of Sun Quan and Liu Bei, but Cao Cao disregarded the advice. [17] Cao Cao's own thoughts regarding his failure at Red Cliffs suggest that he held his own actions and misfortunes responsible for the defeat, rather than the strategies utilised by his enemy during the battle: '... it was only because of the sickness that I burnt my ships and retreated. It is out of all reason for Zhou Yu to take the credit for himself.' [28] Aftermath Han-era painted ceramic statues of a Chinese cavalryman and ten infantrymen with armor, shields, and missing weapons
By the end of 209, the post Cao Cao had established at Jiangling fell to Zhou Yu. The borders of the land under Cao Cao's control contracted about 160 kilometres (99 mi), to the area around Xiangyang. [29] Liu Bei gained territory by taking over the four commanderies (Wuling, Changsha, Lingling and Guiyang) south of the Yangtze River. Sun Quan's troops had suffered far greater casualties than Liu Bei's in the extended conflict against Cao Ren following the Battle of Red Cliffs and the death of Zhou Yu in 210 resulted in a drastic weakening of Sun Quan's strength in Jing Province. [30] Liu Bei also occupied Jing Province that Cao Cao had recently losta strategic and naturally fortified area on the Yangtze River that Sun Quan claimed for himself. The control of Jing Province provided Liu Bei with virtually unlimited access to the passage into Yi Province and important waterways into Wu (southeastern China) and dominion of the southern Yangtze River. Never again would Cao Cao command so large a fleet as he had at Jiangling, nor would a similar opportunity to destroy his southern rivals present itself again. [31] The Battle of Red Cliffs and the capture of Jing Province by Liu Bei confirmed the separation of southern China from the northern heartland of the Yellow River valley and foreshadowed a north-south axis of hostility that would continue for centuries. [32] Location Three possible locations of the Battle of Red Cliffs. A fourth possibility is an undefined locale in Jiayu County, downriver (northeast) of the Chibi City location.
The precise location of the Red Cliffs battlefield has long been the subject of both popular and academic debates, but has never been conclusively established. [i] Scholarly debates have continued for at least 1,350 years, [33] and a number of arguments in favour of alternative sites have been put forward. There are clear grounds for rejecting at least some of these proposals, but four alternative locations are still advocated. According to Zhang, many of the current debates stem from the fact that the course and length of the Yangtze River between Wuli and Wuhan has changed since the Sui and Tang dynasties. [34] The modern-day debate is also complicated by the fact that the names of some of the key locations have changed over the following centuries. For example, although modern Huarong city is located in Hunan, south of the Yangtze, in the 3rd century the city of that name was due east of Jiangling, considerably north of the Yangtze. [35] [3] Moreover, one candidate site, Puqi (), was renamed 'Chibi City' () in 1998 in a direct attempt to tie this location to the historical battlefield. [j]
Historical records state that Cao Cao's forces retreated north across the Yangtze after the initial engagement at Red Cliffs, unequivocally placing the battle site on the south bank of the Yangtze. For this reason, a number of sites on the north bank have been discounted by historians and geographers. Historical accounts also establish east and west boundaries for a stretch of the Yangtze which encompasses all possible sites for the battlefield. The allied forces travelled upstream from either Fankou or Xiakou. Since the Yangtze flows roughly eastward towards the ocean (with northeast and southeast meanders), Red Cliffs must at least be west of Fankou, which is farther downstream. The westernmost boundary is also clear, since Cao Cao's eastern advance from Jiangling included passing Baqiu (present-day Yueyang, Hunan) on the shore of Dongting Lake. The battle must also have been downstream (northeast) of that location. [36] [37] Su Dongpo's Red Cliffs
One popular candidate for the battle site is Chibi Hill in Huangzhou, sometimes referred to as 'Su Dongpo's Red Cliffs' or the 'Literary Red Cliffs' (). Support for this conjecture arises largely due to the famous 11th-century poem 'First Rhapsody on the Red Cliffs', which equates the Huangzhou Hill with the battlefield location. Excluding tone marks, the pinyin romanization of this cliff's name is 'Chibi', the same as the pinyin for Red Cliffs. However, the Chinese characters are completely different () as is their meaning ('Red Nose Hill'). This site is also on the north bank of the Yangtze, and is directly across from Fankou rather than upstream from it. [33] Moreover, if the allied Sun-Liu forces left from Xiakou rather than Fankou, as the oldest historical sources suggest, [d] then the hill in Huangzhou would have been downstream from the point of departure, a possibility which cannot be reconciled with historical sources.
Puqi, now named Chibi City, is perhaps the most widely accepted candidate. To differentiate from Su Dongpo's Red Cliffs, the site is also referred to as the 'Military Red Cliffs' (). It is directly across the Yangtze from Wulin. This argument was first proposed in the early Tang dynasty. [37] There are also characters engraved in the cliffs (see image at the top of this page) suggesting that this is the site of the battle. The origin of the engraving can be dated to between the Tang and Song dynasties, making it at least 1,000 years old. [38]
Some sources mention the south banks of the Yangtze in Jiayu County () in the prefecture-level city of Xianning in Hubei province as a possible location. This would place the battlefield downstream from Puqi (Chibi City), a view that is supported by scholars of Chinese history such as de Crespigny, Wang Li and Zhu Dongrun , following the Qing dynasty historical document Shui Jing Zhu . [39]
Another candidate is Wuhan, which straddles the Yangtze at the confluence of the Yangtze and Han rivers. It is east of both Wulin (and Chibi City across the river) and Jiayu. This metropolis was incorporated by joining three cities. There is a local belief in Wuhan that the battle was fought at the junction of the rivers, southwest of the former Wuchang city, which is now part of Wuhan. [40] Zhang asserts that the Chibi battlefield was one of a set of hills in Wuchang that were levelled in the 1930s so that their stone could be used as raw material. [41] [k] Citing several historical-geographical studies, Zhang shows that earlier accounts place the battlefield in Wuchang. [43] Sheng Hongzhi's 5th-century Jingzhou ji in particular places the Chibi battlefield a distance of 160 li (approximately 80 kilometres (50 mi)) downstream from Wulin, but since the Paizhou and Luxikou meanders increased the length of the Yangtze River between Wuli and Wuchang by 100 li (approximately 50 kilometres (31 mi); see map ) some time in the Sui and Tang dynasties, [34] later works do not regard Wuchang as a possible site. Fictionalised account Cao Cao surrounded by his generals. From a Peking opera performance by Shanghai Jingju Theatre Company on January 17, 2015, in Tianchan Theatre, Shanghai, China. Battle Of Redcliff
The romantic tradition that originated with the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms differs from historical accounts in many details. For example, Cao Cao's army strength was exaggerated to over 830,000 men. This may be attributed to the ethos of later times, particularly of the Southern Song dynasty. [44] The state of Shu Han, in particular, was viewed by later literati as the 'legitimate' successor to the Han dynasty, so fictionalised accounts assign greater prominence than the historical records warrant to the roles of Liu Bei, Zhuge Liang and other heroes from Shu. This is generally accomplished by minimising the importance of Eastern Wu commanders and advisors such as Zhou Yu and Lu Su. [45] While historical accounts describe Lu Su as a sensible advisor and Zhou Yu as an eminent military leader and 'generous, sensible and courageous' man, Romance of the Three Kingdoms depicts Lu Su as unremarkable and Zhou Yu as cruel and cynical. [46] Both are depicted as being inferior to Zhuge Liang in every respect. [1] Battle Of Redcliff Commanders
The romances added wholly fictional and fantastical elements to the historical accounts and these were repeated in popular plays and operas. Examples from the Romance of the Three Kingdoms include Zhuge Liang pretending to use magic to call forth favourable winds for the fire ship attack, his strategy of 'using straw boats to borrow arrows', and Guan Yu capturing and releasing Cao Cao at Huarong Trail. The fictionalised accounts also name Zhuge Liang as a military commander in the combined forces, which is historically inaccurate. [47] Cultural impact
The modern Chibi City in Hubei province was formerly named Puqi. In 1998, the Chinese State Council approved the renaming of the city in celebration of the battle at Red Cliffs. Cultural festivals held by the city have dramatically increased tourism. [48] In 1983, a statue of prominent Song dynasty poet, Su Shi, was erected at the Huangzhou site of 'Su Dongpo's Red Cliffs' in tribute to his writings regarding Red Cliff. [49]
Video games based on the Three Kingdoms era (such as Koei's Dynasty Warriors series, Sangokushi Koumeiden , Warriors Orochi series, Destiny of an Emperor , Kessen II and Total War: Three Kingdoms ) have scenarios that include the battle. Other games utilise the Battle of Red Cliffs as their central focus. These include titles popular in Asia, such as the original Japanese version of Warriors of Fate and Dragon Throne: Battle of Red Cliffs .
A 2008 film titled Red Cliff , [l] directed by John Woo, showcased the Red Cliff legacy and was a massive box-office success in China.
